1.) System of education in Great Britain
- All children and young people between the ages of 5 and 16 must receive full - time education in England and Wales.
- a) In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school.
- There are two system of state school, depending on the county:
- system A: - primary school from 5 to 11
- secondary school from 11 to 16/18
- primary school is usually divided into two sections: infant school {ages 5 – 7}
junior school {ages 7 – 11}
- system B: - first school from 5 to 8
- middle school from 8 to 13
- secondary school from 13 to 16-18
- b) Primary education
- In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basics of arithmetic.
- In the higher classes of Primary School {or in Middle School} children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, also a foreign language
- Physical education is usually done twice a week.
- Outside the normal time / table there are many activities in which students may take part: sports, drama, table tennis and so on.
- c) Secondary education
- Can be divided into: - Grammar School – very academic education
- Secondary Modern School – provide more general education {up to 16 years olds, but they can stay even longer for further studies}
- Comprehensive School – about 90 percent of pupils attend this type of secondary school {from 11 until 18 - year – olds}
- School – learning exam:
- When students are 16 years old, they may take an exam in various subjects in order to have a qualifications.
- This exam called GCSE {General Certificate of Secondary Education}
- There are two levels of GCSF:
- 1) The O – level {Ordinary levels} taken at 16 years old. After sitting their „O levels“, students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before.
- 2) If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations, called „A levels“ {Advance or Academic levels}, normally two or three, which are necessary for getting into university or college.
- d) Higher education
- In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV radio, 30 polytechnics and 350 colleges and institutes of higher education.
- The oldest universities I England are Oxford and Cambridge, founded at the end of the twelfth century for the training of priests.
- The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date from the 14th and 15th centuries, the others were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree, usually after a three year course, and a Master’s degree, usually one or two more years of study after Bachelor’s degree.
- A minority go on further, preparing theses which must make original contributions to knowledge, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy {PhD}.
- In England and Wales the head of the university is called Chancellor, the principal academic body is the Senate and each faculty is headed by a Dean.
- Private school
- These are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.
- Only about 6 percent of pupils study there.
- Public school
- For example: Eton College, Harrow, Rugby,……..
- Further Education
- Courses are run by colleges of further education, many of which also teach higher education courses.
- A large number of further education courses are vocational {technical and commercial}.
- Many further education students attend college part – time, either by day or block release from employment or in the evening.
2) System of education in USA
- Education plays a very important role in American society.
- In each school the „principal“, the headmaster of the school, decides the curriculum for each grade in his own school.
- There are many different kinds of school: public schools, private schools, parochial schools, schools specializing in the arts, literature or science,………
- All american children receive free compulsory education from 6 to 18 {or 16 in some states}.
- a) Nursery School
- This school is from 3 to 4.
- b) Kindergarten
- This school is from 4 to 6.
- c) Elementary school
- This school is from 6 to 12.
- There are two stages: - grade 1 – 3 There children learn reading, writing, counting, Physicals exercises, English
- grade 4 – 6 There children learn English, Mathematics, Science, Physical exercises, Social Studies, Information, Technology
- d) Secondary school = High School
- Pupils can choose all kinds of subjects.
- There are High School and Middle School
- Middle School is from 11 to 14.
- There two stages: - Junior High School - from 12 to 15.
- Senior High School – from 15 to 18.
- Marks are called GRADES.
- Pupils and students are evaluated (ocenit, ohodnotit) by marks from A to F, A is the best, F is the worst.
- The typical schoolday starts at 8.30 or 9.00 am and ends at about 3. 30 pm.
- In many schools the day still begins with the salute to the American flag.
- Lessons are normally held five days a week, from Monday to Friday.
- In most American schools television is widely used in teaching and there are television channels, which offer a wide range of new educational shows.
- They are free, most do not have commercial and some provide teacher’s guides.
- The American magazine Newsweek has called the television set “the second blackboard” and “the teaching tube”.
- e) Higher Education
- After graduating from High School students may go on to attend a university or college where they specialize in a subject.
- There are two tests which are used by universities as standards for comparison: the SAT {Scholastic Aptitude Test, which measures aptitudes in verbal and mathematical fields} and the ACT {American College Testing program, which measures skills in English, mathematics, and the social and natural sciences}.
- Colleges and universities give bachelor degrees – after two years, master degrees – after four years, and doctorates after more study.
- Higher education is very expensive in private colleges and universities, but it is much cheaper in those supported by states and cities.
- Many students receive a scholarship from university or have part – time jobs to help pay their expenses.
- Students may live in the campus, but may also go home in the evening.
- Most students do not live with their families, but rent an apartment together with friends.
- Some American universities are famous all over the world; they are very selective and very expensive.
- The most outstanding are: Brown, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Princeton and Pennsylvania.
3) The Czech System of Education
- School attendance in the Czech republic is compulsory from 6 to 15.
- Most children attend state schools, but there are also newly established private and church schools.
- Education at state schools up to 18 is free but students at secondary schools must pay for their books.
- Children in our country do not wear uniforms.
- Handicapped children are educated separately.
- {The school year starts on 1st September and ends on 30th June of the following year.}
- The school year is divided into two terms {September – January, February – June}
- {Lessons usually start at 8:00 and finish between 14:00 and 16:00, there are also breaks between individual lessons 5 or 10 minutes long, the 2nd break is longest – 20 minutes, we have also 45 minutes for lunch sometimes and then afternoon lesson follow.}
- A lesson usually last 45 minutes.
- Students are marked from 1 to5.
- a) Nursery School and Kindergarten
- A child from 1 to 3 years of age can attend a day nursery and from 3 to 6 of age, kindergarten.
- There children experience their first contacts with society, social rules and ethics.
- Children learn basics of counting and thinking.
- b) Primary school
- This school is for children from 6/7 to 15/16.
- There are two stages: - 1st one – from1st to 5th class – children learn to read, write and arithmetic
- 2nd one: from 6th to 9th class – children learn Czech language and literature, Math, Chemistry, foreign languages, Biology, Physics, History, Geography, Civics, Music and Art
- In the final year of the elementary school many people face a problem.
- During this time everybody needs to choose his future occupation.
- The choice depends not only on our interests but also on our performance and success at school.
- c) Secondary School
- This education follows after the primary education.
- You have to pass an entrance examination, then you can become a student.
- There are 3 types of secondary school:
- Grammar school, which prepares its students for university studies. This school provide general education.
- Vocational schools are for example: industrial, medical, economic, agricultural,……..
- Apprentice school
- There are art schools too.
- This type lasts usually 4 years and is finished with a school – leaving exam required for further studies.
- The examination is taken in 4 subjects. The examination has two part – written and oral exams.
- If you pass well you get a School – Leaving Certificate.
- d) Universities and colleges
- There are Universities and colleges.
- It last 4 or 6 years.
- You have to pass an entrance examination in the subjects in which the university specializes.
- There are for example: Charles University in Prague {it is the oldest university and was founded in 1348 by Charles IV.}
- Our other universities are the T.G. Masaryk University in brno, the Palack7 University in Olomouc, the J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem or the Univeristy of Western Bohemia in Plzeň.
- The graduation depends on the time you spent in studies there or the chosen subject.
- There are 3 degrees of university education:
- Bachelor’s Degree after 3 years of study.
- Master’s Degree after 5 years of study.
- The university or college is finished with a state exam usually including a diploma thesis.
- The best of all is the graduation ceremony where you receive your diploma.
- Doctoral Degree is received after another few years of study.
- Tuition, accommodation and board are paid for full – time university students.
- Only some get a grant or a scholarship.
- For those who don’t want to study full – time there are two – year courses such as for managers, businessmen, social workers, language experts etc.
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